In deregulated markets, Independent System Operators were formed to perform this function. ![]() ![]() In vertically integrated markets, utilities controlled and maintained transmission. Independent System Operators (ISOs) were created in some areas of the country as a way to comply with these orders. In an effort to introduce more competition, the Federal Energy Reserve Commission (FERC) orders 888 and 889 required transmission services to be available to all generation owners. Typically, the vertically integrated utilities who owned generation and transmission facilities were the only ones with access to transmission lines. ![]() The history of PJM, MISO, CAISO, NYISO, NEISO, ERCOT, SPP and EIMĪs a wave of deregulation spread throughout the country in the late 1970s, people began to contemplate whether deregulated power markets could increase competition for generation owners, and decrease the price of electricity for consumers. Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs)
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